Glidande medelvärde system digital signalbehandlings

Det finns antal indikatorer och matematiska modeller som är allmänt accepterade och används av någon handelsprogramvara (även MetaStock), som MAMA, Hilbert Transform, Fisher Transform (som ersättare för FFT), Homodyne Discriminator, Hilbert Sine Wave, Instant Trendline etc. uppfann av John Ehler. Men det är det. Jag har aldrig hört talas om någon annan än John Ehler som studerar på detta område. Tror du att det är värt att lära sig digital signalbehandling Trots allt är varje transaktion en signal och stapeldiagram är något filtrerad form av dessa signaler. Ger det vettigt frågat 15 feb 11 kl 20:46 Wavelets är bara en form av sönderdelning. I synnerhet bryter ned vågor i både frekvens och tid och är därmed mer användbara än fourier eller andra rentfrekvensbaserade sönderdelningar. Det finns andra tid-freq nedbrytningar (till exempel HHT) som också bör undersökas. Nedbrytning av en prisserie är användbar för att förstå den primära rörelsen inom en serie. Generellt med en sönderdelning är den ursprungliga signalen summan av dess baskomponenter (potentiellt med en viss skaleringsmultiplikator). Komponenterna sträcker sig från den lägsta frekvensen (en rak linje genom provet) till högsta frekvensen, en kurva som oscillerar med en frekvens maximalt närmar sig N 2. Hur det här är användbart, avkänner en serie som bestämmer huvudkomponenten för rörelse i seriebestämningen svängningar Denoiseringen åstadkommes genom att ombilda serien genom att summera komponenterna från sönderdelningen, mindre än de senaste högsta frekvenskomponenterna. Denominerad (eller filtrerad) serien, om den väljs väl, ger ofta en uppfattning om kärnprisprocessen. Om man antar fortsättning i samma riktning, kan den användas för extropolering under en kort period framåt. Eftersom tidsserierna tikar i realtid kan man se hur prisprocessen för denoiserad (eller filtrering) ändras för att avgöra om en prisrörelse i en annan riktning är signifikant eller bara buller. En av nycklarna är dock att bestämma hur många nivåer av sönderdelningen att återställa i en given situation. För få nivåer (low freq) kommer att innebära att den rekomponerade prisserien reagerar mycket långsamt på händelser. För många nivåer (high freq) betyder för snabb respons men. kanske för mycket buller i vissa prisregimer. Med tanke på att marknaden skiftar mellan sidlediga rörelser och momentumrörelser, måste en filtreringsprocess anpassas till regimen, och blir mer eller mindre känslig för rörelser vid projicering av en kurva. Det finns många sätt att utvärdera detta, så att man tittar på den filtrerade seriens kraft jämfört med kraften i den råa prisserien, riktad mot en viss beroende på regimen. Antag att man framgångsrikt har använt wavelet eller andra sönderdelningar för att ge en jämn, lämpligt reaktiv signal, kan ta derivatet och använda för att detektera minima och maxima när prisserien fortskrider. Man behöver en grund som har bra beteende vid slutpunkten så att kurvens lutning vid ändpunkten projekteras i en lämplig riktning. Basen måste ge konsekventa resultat vid slutpunkten som tidsserierna tikar och inte positioneras partiskt. Tyvärr är jag inte medveten om någon waveletbas som undviker ovanstående problem. Det finns några andra baser som kan väljas som gör det bättre. Slutsats Om du vill driva Wavelets och bygga handelsregler kring dem, räkna med att göra mycket forskning. Du kan också upptäcka att även om konceptet är bra måste du utforska andra sönderdelningsbaser för att få önskat beteende. Jag använder inte nedbrytningar för handelsbeslut, men jag har funnit dem användbara för att bestämma marknadssystemet och andra åtgärder bakåtåtblickande. Du måste undersöka hur du differentierar interpolationsmetoder kontra extrapoleringsmetoder. Det är lätt att bygga en modell som upprepar det förflutna (bara om ett interpolationsschema kommer att göra tricket). Problemet är att modellen oftast är värdelös när det gäller att extrapolera in i framtiden. När du hör ordet cykler, ska en röd flagga gå upp. Gräva i applikationen Fourier Integral, Fourier Series, Fourier Transform etc, och det kommer du att hitta med tillräckligt många frekvenser kan du representera vilken tidsserie som helst, så att de flesta detaljhandlare kan vara övertygade om att det fungerar. Problemet är att det inte har någon prediktiv kraft alls. Anledningen Fourier-metoderna är användbara i engineeringDSP är att den signalen (spänning, ström, temperatur, vad som helst) ofta upprepar sig i kretsmaskinen där den genererades. Som ett resultat blir interpolering då relaterad till extrapolering. Om du använder R, så är det här att ha en hacky code att försöka: Cykelanalys och signalbehandling kan vara användbar för säsongsbetonade mönster men utan att veta mer om resultatet av ett sådant tillvägagångssätt till handel skulle jag inte överväga en grad i signalbehandling för bara handel. Skulle du vara glad att tillämpa vad du lär dig på standardteknik typ problem eftersom det kan vara vad du kommer att fastna om det inte fungerar tillräckligt bra med handel. svarat 15 feb 11 kl 22:10 DSP och Time Series analys är samma sak. DSP använder ingenering lingo och tidsserieanalys använder matematisk lingo men modellerna är ganska simulerade. Ehlers cybercykelindikator är en ARMA (3,2). Ehlers har några unika idéer: Vad betyder betydelsen av fasen av en slumpmässig variabel svarat 26 feb 11 kl 5:04 Glöm alla dessa så kallade Tekniska indikatorer. De är skit, speciellt om du inte vet hur man använder dem. Mitt råd: Köp en bra wavelet-bok och skapa din egen strategi. svarade feb 16 11 på 2:52 Hi fRed, vilken wavelet-bok använde du Kan du rekommendera en titel ndash MisterH 28 mar 11 kl 11:26 En introduktion till Wavelets och andra filtreringsmetoder i ekonomi och ekonomi av Ramazan Gencay, Faruk Selcuk Brandon Whitcher ndash RockScience Mar 29 11 på 2:15 Ive hittade John Ehlers Fisher Transform ganska användbar som en indikator i trading futures, särskilt på Heikin-Ashi tick charts. Jag litar på det för min strategi, men jag tror inte att det är tillförlitligt nog att basera ett helt automatiskt system på egen hand eftersom det inte har visat sig vara tillförlitligt under hakiga dagar men det kan vara ganska användbart på trenddagar som idag. (Jag är glad att lägga upp ett diagram för att illustrera, men jag behöver inte rykte) svarat den 22 mars kl. 20:47. Signal Processing Fundamentals Dennis Bohn, Rane RaneNote 134 Skrevet 1997 senast reviderad 504 Skrikande att bli hörd I rymden kan ingen höra du skriker. eftersom det inte finns någon luft eller annat medium för ljud att resa. Ljud behöver ett medium som är en mellanliggande substans, genom vilken den kan resa från punkt till punkt, det måste överföras på något. Att något kan vara fast, flytande eller gas. De kan höra dig skrika under vattnet. i korthet. Vatten är ett medium. Luft är ett medium. Nattklubbens väggar är ett medium. Ljudet färdas i luft genom att snabbt byta lufttryck i förhållande till sitt normala värde (atmosfärstryck). Ljudet är en störning i det omgivande mediet. En vibration som sprider ut från källan, skapar en serie expanderande skal med högt tryck och lågt tryck. högt tryck. lågtryck. högt tryck. lågtryck . Att flytta sig alltid utåt går dessa cykler av växlande tryckzoner fram till att de släpps ut eller reflekterar ytor (nattklubbens väggar) eller passerar genom gränser eller absorberas - vanligtvis en kombination av alla tre. Vänster obegränsad, ljudet rör sig utåt, men inte för alltid. Luften (eller annat medium) rånar lite av ljudets ström när det passerar. Priset för passage: Mediet absorberar sin energi. Denna strömförlust upplevs som en minskning av hur högt det är (termen loudness används för att beskriva hur högt det är från ögonblick till ögonblick), eftersom signalen reser sig från källan. Signalstyrkan minskar med en fjärdedel för varje fördubbling av avståndet från källan. Det betyder att det är 6 dB mindre högt eftersom du dubblar ditt avstånd från det. Detta är känt som den inversa kvadratlagstiftningen eftersom minskningen är omvänd proportionell mot kvadraten av avståndet som reste till exempel, 2 gånger avståndet motsvarar en 14 minskning av ljudstyrkan och så vidare. Hur skapar vi ljud, och hur tar vi upp ljud Vi gör detta med motsatta sidor av samma elektromagnetiska mynt. Elektricitet och magnetism är kinfolk: Om du passerar en trådspole genom ett magnetfält genereras el i spolen. Vänd myntet över och vänd det igen: Om du skickar elektricitet via en trådspole genereras ett magnetfält. Flytta magneten, få en spänning applicera en spänning, skapa en magnet. Detta är kärnan i alla elektromekaniska föremål. Mikrofoner och högtalare är elektromekaniska föremål. I deras hjärtan finns en trådspole (röstspolen) och en magnet (magneten). Talar orsakar ljudvibrationer att resa utåt från munnen. Att tala in i en rörelsespole (aka dynamisk) gör att röstspolen rör sig inom ett magnetfält. Detta medför att en spänning utvecklas och en ström som strömmar proportionellt mot ljudet har tagits. Vid den andra änden av kedjan appliceras en spänning på högtalarens röstspole, vilket medför att en ström strömmar vilket ger ett magnetfält som gör konen rörlig proportionell mot ljudsignalen som applicerats - ljud har skapats. Mikrofonen översätter ljud till en elektrisk signal och högtalaren omvandlar en elektrisk signal till ljud. En fångar, den andra skapar. Allt däremellan är bara detaljer. Och om du undrar: Ja, omvänd, kan en mikrofon vara en högtalare (det gör tonåriga små ljud), och en högtalare kan vara en mikrofon (om du skakar riktigt högt). Crossovers: Simple Division Högtalarövergångar är ett nödvändigt ont. Ett annat universum, en annan uppsättning av fysik och kanske vi kunde ha vad vi vill ha: en högtalare som gör allt. En högtalare som reproducerar alla ljudfrekvenser lika bra, utan förvrängning, vid ljudnivåer är tillräckliga för vilken plats vi spelar. Tja, vi lever här, och vårt system av fysik tillåter inte sådan extravagans. Den svåra sanning är att ingen högtalare kan göra allt. Vi behöver minst två om vi har råd med dem. Woofers och diskanthögtalare. En stor woofer för låga och en liten tweeter för highs. Detta är känt som ett 2-vägs system. (Kontrollera medföljande diagram för följande diskussioner.) Men med två högtalare måste de korrekta frekvenserna dirigeras (eller korsas över) till varje högtalare. På den enklaste nivån är en crossover ett passivt nätverk. Ett passivt nätverk är en som inte behöver strömförsörjning för att fungera - om den har en ledning eller släcker batterier är det inte en passiv krets. Det enklaste passiva crossover-nätverket består av endast två komponenter: en kondensator som ansluter till högfrekvensdrivrutinen och en induktor (aka en spole) som kopplar till lågfrekvensdrivrutinen. En kondensator är en elektronisk komponent som passerar högfrekvenser (passbandet) och blockerar låga frekvenser (stopbandet) en induktor gör det motsatta: det passerar låga frekvenser och blockerar höga frekvenser. Men som frekvensen förändras, reagerar ingen komponent plötsligt. De gör det gradvis de börjar sakta (eller sluta passera) sina respektive frekvenser. Hastigheten vid vilken detta inträffar kallas crossover-lutningen. Det mäts i dB per oktav. eller förkortas till dBoctave. Lutningen ökar eller minskar så många dBoctave. På den enklaste nivån ger varje komponent dig en 6 dBoctave-lutning (ett fysiskt faktum i vårt universum). Återigen, på den enklaste nivån, ökar höjden med 6 dB steg, vilket ger upphöjningar på 12 dBoct, 18 dBoct, 24 dBoct och så vidare. Antalet komponenter, eller 6 dB höjningar, kallas crossover-ordningen. Därför har en fjärde ordningens crossover (åtminstone) fyra komponenter, och producerar branta sluttningar på 24 dBoctave. Jo brantare desto bättre för de flesta förare, eftersom högtalare bara fungerar bra för ett visst frekvensband utöver att de misshandlar, ibland dåligt. Branta backar hindrar dessa frekvenser från att komma till föraren. Du kan kombinera kondensatorer och induktorer för att skapa en tredje väg som eliminerar de högsta höga och lägsta nedgångarna, och bildar en mellannivå-crossover-sektion. Detta kallas naturligtvis ett 3-vägssystem. (Se diagram) Kvotkvotavsnittet bildar ett bandpassfilter, eftersom det bara passerar ett specifikt frekvensband. Notera från diagrammet att högfrekventa passband och lågfrekventa passbandsbetingelser ofta förkortas till bara högpass och lågpass. Ett 3-vägssystem möjliggör optimering av varje drivrutin för ett smalare frekvensband, vilket ger ett bättre övergripande ljud. Så varför inte bara använda passiva lådor Det enda största problemet är att ett passivt skåp (eller par) inte spelar tillräckligt högt och rent nog för stora utrymmen. Om ljudsystemet är för ditt sovrum eller garage, skulle passiva system fungera bra - kanske ännu bättre. Men det är inte. När du försöker fylla ett relativt stort utrymme med lika högt ljud börjar du förstå problemen. Och det tar inte stadioner, bara normal storlek klubbar. Det är verkligen svårt att producera den krävda ljudstyrkan med passiva lådor. Livet skulle vara mycket lättare om du bara kunde jacka alla i sina egna burkar förstärkare - som en massa HC 4 eller HC 6 hörlursförstärkare spridda över publiken. Låt dem göra jobbet då alla skulle kunna höra lika bra och välja sin egen lyssningsnivå. Men livet är svårt, och hörlurar förstärkare måste begränsas till övning och inspelning. Övervakningshögtalare å andra sidan har sannolikt passiva tvärsnitt. Återigen är det en fråga om avstånd och höghet. Bildskärmar är vanligtvis nära och inte alltför höga - för högt och de kommer mata tillbaka till din mikrofon eller hörs tillsammans med huvudblandningen: inte bra. Övervakningshögtalare liknar hi-fi-högtalare, där passiva mönster dominerar. på grund av de relativt små lyssningsområdena. Det är ganska lätt att fylla små lyssningsrum med orörda ljud även vid öronsplittningsnivåer. Men flytta samma högtalare till din lokala klubb och de kommer att låta tunna, tråkiga och livlösa. Inte bara kommer de inte spela tillräckligt högt, men de kan behöva de soniska fördelarna med ljud som studsar av stängda väggar för att förstärka och fylla direkt ljudet. I stora arenor är dessa väggar långt för långt för att gynna någon. Figur 1. Passiv 2-vägs Crossover Figur 2. Passiv 3-vägs Crossover Så varför inte använda en massa passiva lådor Du kan, och vissa människor gör. Men för att anledningarna ska följa fungerar det bara för ett par skåp. Ändå kan du inte få höga ljudnivåer om rummet är stort. Passiva system kan bara optimeras så mycket. När du börjar behöva flera skåp blir aktiva övergångar nödvändiga. För att få bra täckning av likfrekvenser vill du stapla som drivrutiner. Detta förhindrar att passiva lådor används eftersom varje (minst) en högfrekvensdrivrutin och en lågfrekvensdrivrutin innehåller. Det är lättast att sätta ihop ett ljudsystem när varje skåp täcker endast ett frekvensområde. Till exempel, för ett trevligt ljudande 3-vägssystem skulle du ha lågfrekventa lådor (de stora), sedan medelstora mellanfrekvenslådor och äntligen de mindre högfrekventa lådorna. Dessa skulle staplas eller hängas, eller båda - i någon form av matris. En högtalaruppsättning är den optimala staplingsformen för varje uppsättning av skåp för att ge bästa kombinerade täckning och övergripande ljud. Du har utan tvekan sett många olika matrisformer. Det finns höga torn, höga väggar och alla slags polyeder och bågar. Det enda effektiva sättet att göra detta är med aktiva övergångar. Vissa mindre system kombinerar aktiva och passiva lådor. Även inom ett enda skåp är det vanligt att hitta en aktiv crossover som används för att separera låg - och midfrekvensdrivrutinerna, medan ett inbyggt passivt nätverk används för högfrekvensdrivrutinen. Detta är särskilt vanligt när super-tweeters fungerar över den sista ljudoktaven. I den andra änden används en aktiv crossover ofta för att lägga till en subwoofer till ett passivt 2-vägssystem. Alla kombinationer används, men varje gång en passiv korsning uppstår, kommer det med problem. En av dessa är strömförlust. Passiva nätverk slösar bort värdefull kraft. Den extra kraft som behövs för att föraren ska bli högre, koka istället av komponenterna och kommer ut ur lådan som värme - inte ljud. Därför får passiva enheter dig att köpa en större förstärkare. Ett par extra passiva nätproblem har att göra med deras impedans. Impedansen begränsar strömöverföringen som dess motstånd, endast frekvenskänslig. För att det passiva nätverket ska fungera exakt rätt måste källimpedansen (förstärkarens utgång plus ledningsimpedansen) vara så nära noll som möjligt och inte frekvensberoende och belastningsimpedansen (högtalarnas egenskaper) måste fixas och inte frekvensberoende (förlåt, inte bara i detta univers på Star Trek). Eftersom dessa saker inte är möjliga måste det passiva nätverket (i bästa fall) vara en förenklad och kompromisslös lösning på ett mycket komplicerat problem. Följaktligen ändras övergångsbeteendet med frekvens - inte något du vill ha för ett bra ljudsystem. En sista sak att göra saker värre. Det finns något som kallas back-emf (back-electromotive force, bokstavligen backspänning) som ytterligare bidrar till dåliga ljudsystem. Det här är fenomenen där signalen stannar, fortsätter högtalarkonan att flytta, vilket ger röstspolen att röra sig genom magnetfältet (nu verkar som en mikrofon), vilket skapar en ny spänning som försöker köra kabeln tillbaka till förstärkarens utgång Om högtalaren får göra det, flög konan som en döende fisk. Det låter inte bra Det enda sättet att stoppa back-emf är att göra högtalaren quotseequot en död kort, dvs noll ohm ser bakåt eller så nära det som möjligt - något som inte kommer att hända med ett passivt nätverk slungit mellan det och strömförstärkaren. Allt detta, och inte att nämna att induktansmättnad vid höga signalnivåer orsakar förvrängning - en annan anledning att du inte kan få tillräckligt hög ljudnivå. Eller den extra vikt och bulk som orsakas av de stora induktorerna som krävs för bra lågfrekvensrespons. Eller att det är nästan omöjligt att få högkvalitativa branta backar passivt, så svaret lider. Eller att induktorerna är alltför bra för att ta fram lokala radio-, tv-, nöd - och cellulära sändningar och blanda dem glatt med ljudet. Sådan är livet med passiva högtalarsystem. Figur 3. Aktiv 2-vägs Crossover Figur 4. Aktiva 3-vägs Crossover Active crossover-nätverk kräver en strömförsörjning för att fungera och brukar komma förpackade i enstaka rackmonteringsenheter. (Även om de sena, kraftfulla högtalarna med inbyggda aktiva övergångar och effektförstärkare blir alltmer populära.) Med tanke på det medföljande diagrammet visas hur aktiva övergångar skiljer sig från sina passiva kusiner. För ett 2-vägssystem istället för en strömförstärkare har du nu två, men de kan vara mindre för samma ljudnivå. Hur mycket mindre beror på känslighetsklasserna hos förarna (mer om detta senare). På samma sätt kräver ett 3-vägssystem tre effektförstärkare. Du ser och hör även villkoren bi-amped. och tri-amped applicerad på 2- och 3-vägs system. Aktiva korsningar bota många sjukdomar i de passiva systemen. Eftersom crossoverfiltrarna själva är säkert bortgjutna i sin egen låda, bort från de drivande och belastningsimpedansproblemen som plågar passiva enheter, kan de göras för att fungera på ett nästan matematiskt perfekt sätt. Extremt branta, smidiga och välbetalda korsningsbackar uppnås enkelt genom aktiva kretsar. Det finns ingen effektförlustproblem för förstärkare, eftersom aktiva kretsar drivs från sina egna lågspänningsaggregat. Och med ineffektiviteten i det passiva nätverket avlägsnades, uppnår effektförstärkaren lättare de högtalnivåer som krävs. Högtalare jitters och tremor orsakad av otillräckligt dämpad back-emf allt men försvinner när det passiva nätverket är borttaget. Det som återstår är förstärkarnas inneboende utgångsimpedans och den för anslutningstråden. Heres där termen dämpningsfaktorn kommer upp. Observera att ordet är fuktigt. inte dämpning som det ofta hörs imponera på dina vänner. Dämpning är ett mått på en systemförmåga att styra högtalarkonens rörelser efter att signalen försvinner. Ingen mer döende fisk. Siegfried amp Russ Active crossovers går av många namn. För det första är de antingen 2-vägs eller 3-vägs (eller till och med 4-vägs och 5-vägs). Därefter finns höjden och ordern: 24 dBoct (fjärde ordning) eller 18 dBoct (tredje ordning) och så vidare. Och äntligen finns det ett namn för den typ av design. De två vanligaste är Linkwitz-Riley och Butterworth. uppkallad efter Siegfried Linkwitz och Russ Riley som föreslog för första gången denna ansökan, och Stephen Butterworth som först beskrivit svaret 1930. Fram till mitten av 80-talet dominerades den tredje orderens (18 dBoct) Butterworth-design, men hade fortfarande några problem. Sedan dess har utvecklingen (banbrytande av Rane och Sundholm) av den 4-ordning (24 dBoct) Linkwitz-Riley-modellen löst dessa problem och idag är normen. Vad detta lägger till är aktiva korsningar är regeln. Lyckligtvis är det svåraste med en aktiv crossover att få pengarna att köpa en. Därefter är det mesta av arbetet redan gjort för dig. På den mest grundläggande nivån är allt du behöver från en aktiv korsning två saker: för att låta dig ställa in rätt korsningspunkt och för att låta dig balansera förarens nivåer. Det är allt. Det första görs genom att höra högtalarproducentens datablad och ringa in den på frontpanelen. (Det förutsätter exempelvis en komplett fabriksbyggd 2-vägs högtalare. Om lådan är hemlagad måste båda drivrutinerna noggrant väljas så att de har samma överfrekvens. Annars kan ett svårt svar problem uppstå.) Balanseringsnivåer är nödvändigt eftersom högfrekvensdrivrutiner är effektivare än lågfrekvensdrivrutiner. Detta innebär att om du lägger samma makt i varje förare, hörs det högre än det andra. Den som är mest effektiv spelar högre. Flera metoder för att balansera förare beskrivs alltid i någon bra ägarhandbok. Equalizers Du kanske har hört det sagt att equalizers är inget mer än förhärligade tonkontroller. Det är ganska noggrant och hjälper till att förklara deras användbarhet och vikt. Enkelt uttryckt gör equalizers att du kan ändra tonbalansen av vad du än kontrollerar. Du kan öka (öka) eller minska (skära) på ett band-för-band-basis bara de önskade frekvenserna. Equalizers kommer i alla olika storlekar och former, varierande starkt i design och komplexitet. Välj från en enkel enkanal med 10 kontroller på 1 oktavfrekvensavstånd (en 10-bands oktavutjämnare), hela vägen upp till en fullfjädrad, tvåkanalbox med 31 kontroller på 13 oktavfrekvensavstånd (en stereo 13-okt equalizer). Det finns grafiska modeller med glidkontroller (glidreglage) som grovt citerar equalizerens frekvensrespons med den form de bildar, och det finns parametriska modeller där du väljer önskad frekvens, amplitud och bandbredd (filterparametrarna - se diagram nedan) för varje band tillhandahålls. Längst bort är det enklaste och mest populära 13- och 23-oktavgrafiken. De erbjuder den bästa kombinationen av kontroll, komplexitet och kostnad. Vid val av grafiska equalizers är de primära funktionerna att överväga antalet inmatningsutgångskanaler, antalet boostcut-band, centrumfrekvensavståndet för varje och noggrannheten hos utgången vs. inställningarna på frontpanelen. Fram till den senaste utvecklingen av sant svarsgrafik, justerade inställningarna på frontpanelen bara det aktuella svaret för equalizer. Före sant svargrafik orsakade intilliggande bandinteraktion att det faktiska utmatningssvaret avviker från inställningarna på frontpanelen. Beskriven som antingen konstant-Q eller variabel-Q (se diagram) bestämde det enskilda filtrets bandbreddsbeteende interaktionen. I början av 80-talet utvecklade Rane de första konstant-Q-mönstren för att bevara samma form (bandbredd) över hela boostcut-intervallet. Däremot har variabla Q-modeller varierande bandbredd (formen förändras) som en funktion av boostcut-mängden. Ranes konstant-Q-design erbjöd en stor förbättring av utmatningssvaret vs. frontpanelinställningar och blev den mest populära designen tills Rane och andra utvecklade de första sanna svar grafiska equalizersna. Nu sant svargrafik erbjuder det bästa svaret. Använda Equalizers Equalizers kan göra underverk för ett ljudsystem. Låt börja med högtalarprestanda. En olycklig sanning när det gäller budget högtalare är att de inte låter väldigt bra. Vanligtvis beror detta på ett ojämnt frekvenssvar, eller mer korrekt ett icke-plattt effektsvar. En idealisk skåp har ett platt effektsvar. Det betyder att om du väljer 1 kHz som referenssignal, använd den för att driva högtalaren med exakt en watt, mäta högtalan och svepa generatorn över högtalarna hela frekvensområdet, alla frekvenser kommer att mäta lika högt. Tyvärr, med alla utom de dyraste högtalarsystemen, kommer de inte. Equalizers kan hjälpa dessa frekvensbrister. Genom att lägga till lite här och ta bort lite där, skapar du snart ett acceptabelt effektsvar - och mycket bättre ljudsystem. Dess överraskande hur bara en liten utjämning kan förändra ett dåligt ljudsystem till något ganska anständigt. Det bästa sättet att hantera budgethögtalare - även om det kostar mer - är att begå en equalizer-kanal för varje skåp. Detta blir ett äktenskap. Utjämnaren är inställd, ett säkerhetsskydd är bultat på och för alltid mer är de oskiljaktiga. (Använd extra equalizer för att hjälpa till med rumproblemen.) Och nu för den svåra delen, men den viktigaste delen: Om du gör dina mått ute (inga reflektioner från väggar eller tak) och upp i luften (inga reflektioner från marken ) kan du få en mycket korrekt bild av bara högtalarnas svar, utan rumseffekter. Detta ger dig det rumsoberoende svaret. Det här är verkligen viktigt, för det är oavsett var den här rutan används, det har dessa problem. Självklart måste du se till att kostnaden för budgethögtalaren plus utjämnaren ger upphov till betydligt mindre än att köpa ett riktigt platt högtalarsystem till att börja med. Lyckligtvis (eller borde detta vara ledsen) så är det vanligtvis fallet. Återigen är sanningen att de flesta skåp inte är plana. Det är bara de mycket dyra högtalarna som har svar i världsklass. (Hmmm, kanske det är därför de kostar så mycket) Det nästa du kan göra med equalizers är att förbättra hur varje plats lyder. Varje rum låter annorlunda - fakta om livet - fysikens faktum. Genom att använda exakt samma utrustning, spelar exakt samma musik på exakt samma sätt, låter olika rum olika - garanterade. Varje inneslutet utrymme behandlar ditt ljud annorlunda. Reflekterat ljud orsakar problemen. Det som publiken hör består av direktljudet (det som kommer rakt ut från högtalaren direkt till lyssnaren) och reflekterat ljud (det springer av allt innan man kommer till lyssnaren). Och om rummet är tillräckligt stort, kommer efterklang i spel, vilket är allt det reflekterade ljudet som har rest hittills och för en så lång tid som den kommer och återkommer till lyssnaren försenad nog för att låta som en andra och tredje källa, eller till och med ett eko om rummet är riktigt stort. Det är i grunden ett geometrisk problem. Varje rum skiljer sig i sina dimensioner, inte bara i sin grundläggande längdbreddsstorlek, men i sin takhöjd, avståndet från dig och din utrustning till publiken, vad hängde (eller inte hängde) på väggarna, hur många fönster och dörrar där och var. Varje detalj om utrymmet påverkar ditt ljud. Och ångerligt, det är väldigt lite du kan göra med något av det. De flesta faktorer som påverkar ditt ljud kan du inte ändra. Du kan verkligen inte ändra dimensionerna, eller ändra fönstret och dörrplatserna. Men det finns några saker du kan göra, och utjämning är en av dem. Men innan du utjämnar vill du optimera hur och var du placerar dina högtalare. Detta är förmodligen nummer ett objekt att delta på. Håll dina högtalare ur hörnen när det är möjligt. Ta bort alla begränsningar mellan dina högtalare och din publik, inklusive banners, scenutrustning och artister. Vad du vill ha är för det mesta ljudet som publiken hör att komma direkt från högtalarna. Du vill minimera allt reflekterat ljud. Om du har gjort ett bra jobb när du väljer och utjämnar dina högtalare, vet du redan att ditt direkta ljud är bra. Så vad är kvar är att minimera det reflekterade ljudet. Nästa användning utjämning för att hjälpa till med några av rummen mer besvärliga funktioner. Om rummet är utomordentligt ljus kan du böja upp den låga änden för att hjälpa till att kompensera det, eller avrunda några av höjderna. Eller om rummet tenderar att vara boomy kan du nedtona den låga änden för att minska resonansen. Ett annat sätt EQ är ganska effektivt är att kontrollera besvärliga återkopplingstoner. Återkopplingen är att de hemliga ljud - eller skrikljudsystemen får när ljudet från högtalaren hämtas av en av scenmikrofonerna, förstärkas och pumpas ut högtalaren, bara för att hämtas upp igen av mikrofonen och re - förstärkt, och så vidare. Oftast händer detta när systemet spelar högt. Vilket är meningsfullt, för för mjukare ljud är signalen antingen inte tillräckligt stor för att göra den till mikrofonen, eller om den gör det är den för liten för att bygga upp. Problemet är ett av ett kontrollsystem utan avslutat loop, positivt återkopplingssystem uppbyggt tills något bryts eller publiken lämnar. Använd din equalizer för att klippa de frekvenser som vill hylla dig inte bara stoppa squeal, men du låter systemet spela högre. Den tekniska frasen för detta maximerar systemförstärkningen innan återkoppling. Det är viktigt att förstå i början att du inte kan fixa rumsrelaterade ljudproblem med utjämning, men du kan flytta problemfälten runt. Du kan omorganisera saker soniskt, vilket hjälper tämma överskott. Du vinner genom att låta det låta bättre. Equalization hjälper. Figur 5. Bandpassfilterparametrar Figur 6. Variabel-Q Grafisk Figur 7. Constant-Q Graphic Equalizers är användbara för att öka ditt instrument eller ljud. Med övning lär du dig att använda din equalizer för att förbättra ditt ljud för ditt bästa personliga uttryck: fördjupa lågorna, fyll i mitten eller överdriv höga. vad du än vill. Precis som en equalizer kan förbättra ljudet av en dålig högtalare kan den förbättra ljudet av en marginal mikrofon eller förbättra musikinstrumentet. Equalizers ger dig det där extra, den kanten. (Vi vet alla varifrån quotradio voicesquot verkligen kommer ifrån.) Se ljud För att göra högtalare och ljudsystemmätningar enkla behöver du en realtidsanalysator (RTA). En RTA tillåter dig att se strömresponsen, inte bara för högtalaren, men även viktigare för hela systemet. Frittstående RTA: er använder en LED - eller LCD-matris för att visa svaret. A built-in pink noise generator (a special kind of shaped noise containing all audible frequencies, optimized for measuring sound systems) is used as the test signal. A measuring microphone is included for sampling the response. The display is arranged to show amplitude verses frequency. Depending upon cost, the number of frequency columns varies from 10 on 1-octave centers, up to 31 on 13-octave centers (agreeing with graphic equalizers). Amplitude range and precision varies with price. With the cost of laptop computers tumbling, the latest form of RTA involves an accessory box and software that works with your computer. These are particularly nice, and loaded with special memory, calculations and multipurpose functions like also being an elaborate SPL meter. Highly recommended if the budget allows. Dynamic Controllers Dynamic controllers or processors represent a class of signal processing devices used to alter an audio signal based solely upon its frequency content and amplitude level . thus the term quotdynamicquot since the processing is completely program dependent. The two most common dynamic effects are compressors and expanders . with limiters and noise gates (or just quotgatesquot) being special cases of these. The dynamic range of an audio passage is the ratio of the loudest (undistorted) signal to the quietest (just audible) signal, expressed in dB. Usually the maximum output signal is restricted by the size of the power supplies (you cannot swing more voltage than is available), while the minimum output signal is fixed by the noise floor (you cannot put out an audible signal less than the noise). Professional-grade analog signal processing equipment can output maximum levels of 26 dBu, with the best noise floors being down around -94 dBu. This gives a maximum dynamic range of 120 dB (equivalent to 20-bit digital audio) -- pretty impressive number -- but very difficult to work with. Thus were born dynamic processors. Compressors Compressors are signal processing units used to reduce ( compress ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through them. The modern use for compressors is to turn down just the loudest signals dynamically . For instance, an input dynamic range of 110 dB might pass through a compressor and exit with a new dynamic range of 70 dB. This clever bit of processing is normally done using a VCA (voltage controlled amplifier) whose gain is determined by a control voltage derived from the input signal. Therefore, whenever the input signal exceeds the threshold point, the control voltage becomes proportional to the signals dynamic content. This lets the music peaks turn down the gain. Before compressors, a human did this at the mixing board and we called it gain-riding . This person literally turned down the gain anytime it got too loud for the system to handle. You need to reduce the dynamic range because extreme ranges of dynamic material are very difficult for sound systems to handle. If you turn it up as loud as you want for the average signals, then along comes these huge musical peaks, which are vital to the punch and drama of the music, yet are way too large for the power amps and loudspeakers to handle. Either the power amps clip, or the loudspeakers bottom out (reach their travel limits), or both -- and the system sounds terrible . Or going the other way, if you set the system gain to prevent these overload occurrences, then when things get nice and quiet, and the vocals drop real low, nobody can hear a thing. Its always something. So you buy a compressor. Using it is quite simple: Set a threshold point, above which everything will be turned down a certain amount, and then select a ratio defining just how much a quotcertain amountquot is. All audio below the threshold point is unaffected and all audio above this point is compressed by the ratio amount. The earlier example of reducing 110 dB to 70 dB requires a ratio setting of 1.6:1 (11070 1.6). The key to understanding compressors is to always think in terms of increasing level changes in dB above the threshold point . A compressor makes these increases smaller . From our example, for every 1.6 dB increase above the threshold point the output only increases 1 dB . In this regard compressors make loud sounds quieter . If the sound gets louder by 1.6 dB and the output only increases by 1 dB, then the loud sound has been made quieter. Some compressors include attack and release controls. The attack time is the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal exceeds the threshold and the moment that the gain is actually reduced. The release time is just the opposite -- the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal drops below the threshold and the moment that the gain is restored. These controls are very difficult to set, and yet once set, rarely need changing. Because of this difficulty, and the terrible sounding consequences of wrong settings, Rane correctly presets these controls to cover a wide variety of music and speech -- one less thing for you to worry about. System overload is not the only place we find compressors. Another popular use is in the making of sound. For example when used in conjunction with microphones and musical instrument pick-ups, compressors help determine the final timbre (tone) by selectively compressing specific frequencies and waveforms. Common examples are quotfatteningquot drum sounds, increasing guitar sustain, vocal quotsmoothing, quot and quotbringing upquot specific sounds out of the mix, etc. It is quite amazing what a little compression can do. Check your owners manual for more tips. Figure 8. GateExpanderCompressorLimiter Action Expanders are signal processing units used to increase ( expand ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through it. However, modern expanders operate only below the set threshold point . that is, they operate only on low-level audio. Operating in this manner they make the quiet parts quieter . The term downward expander or downward expansion evolved to describe this type of application. The most common use is noise reduction. For example, say, an expanders threshold level is set to be just below the quietest vocal level being recorded, and the ratio control is set for 2:1. What happens is this: when the vocals stop, the signal level drops below the set point down to the noise floor. There has been a step decrease from the smallest signal level down to the noise floor. If that step change is, say, -10 dB, then the expanders output attenuates 20 dB (i. e. due to the 2:1 ratio, a 10 dB decrease becomes a 20 dB decrease), thus resulting in a noise reduction improvement of 10 dB. Its now 10 dB quieter than it would have been without the expander. Limiters are compressors with fixed ratios of 10:1 or greater. Here, the dynamic action prevents the audio signal from becoming any bigger than the threshold setting . For example, say the threshold is set for 16 dBu and a musical peak suddenly comes along and causes the input to jump by 10 dB to 26 dB, the output will only increase by 1 dB to 17 dBu -- basically remaining level. Limiters find use in preventing equipment and recording media overloads. A limiter is the extreme case of compression. You will hear the term pumping used in conjunction with poorly designed or improperly set limiters. Pumping describes an audible problem caused by actually hearing the gain change -- it makes a kind of quotpumpingquot sound. This is particularly a problem with limiters that operate too abruptly. Rest assured that Rane limiters are designed not to have any audible side-effects. Noise Gates Noise gates (or gates ) are expanders with fixed quotinfinitequot downward expansion ratios. They are used extensively for controlling unwanted noise, such as preventing quotopenquot microphones and quothotquot instrument pick-ups from introducing extraneous sounds into your system. When the incoming audio signal drops below the threshold point, the gate prevents further output by reducing the gain to quotzero. quot Typically, this means attenuating all signals by about 80 dB. Therefore once audio drops below the threshold, the output level basically becomes the residual noise of the gate. Common terminology refers to the gate quotopeningquot and quotclosing. quot A gate is the extreme case of downward expansion. Just as poorly designed limiters can cause pumping, poorly designed gates can cause breathing . The term breathing is used to describe an audible problem caused by being able to hear the noise floor of a product rise and lower, sounding a lot like the unit was quotbreathing. quot It takes careful design to get all the dynamic timing exactly right so breathing does not occur. Rane works very hard to make sure all of its dynamic processors have no audible funny business. Another popular application for noise gates is to enhance musical instrument sounds, especially percussion instruments. Correctly setting a noise gates attack (turn-on) and release (turn-off) adds quotpunch, quot or quottightensquot the percussive sound, making it more pronounced -- this is how Phil Collins gets his cool snare sound, for instance. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail Develop, introduce or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, State, or Federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions. 2014 employment: 58,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,500 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 11-1031.00 - Legislators Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers. Education administrators, all other All education administrators not listed separately. Postmasters and mail superintendents Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and supportive services of a U. S. post office or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office. 2014 employment: 17,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 70,640 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -4,600 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 11-9131.00 - Postmasters and Mail Superintendents All managers not listed separately. Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients. Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes Financial Examiners (13-2061), Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents (13-2081), Occupational Health and Safety Specialists (29-9011), Occupational Health and Safety Technicians (29-9012), Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093), Agricultural Inspectors (45-2011), Construction and Building Inspectors (47-4011), and Transportation Inspectors (53-6051). Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers. 2014 employment: 100 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,910 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-1074.00 - Farm Labor Contractors Business operations specialists, all other All business operations specialists not listed separately. Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decision making. Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans, advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, and bankruptcy counseling. Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes Accountants and Auditors (13-2011). 2014 employment: 90,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,400 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-2082.00 - Tax Preparers Financial specialists, all other All financial specialists not listed separately. Computer occupations, all other All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes Computer and Information Systems Managers (11-3021), Computer Hardware Engineers (17-2061), Electrical and Electronics Engineers (17-2070), Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1021), Multimedia Artists and Animators (27-1014), Graphic Designers (27-1024), Computer Operators (43-9011), and Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairs (49-2011). Apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and methodology to technological problems in engineering and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research objectives, processes, equipment, and products. Mathematical science occupations, all other All mathematical scientists not listed separately. All engineers not listed separately. Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other All engineering technicians, except drafters, not listed separately. Biological scientists, all other All biological scientists not listed separately. All life scientists not listed separately. Physical scientists, all other All physical scientists not listed separately. Social scientists and related workers, all other All social scientists and related workers not listed separately. Social science research assistants Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes Graduate Teaching Assistants (25-1191). Forest and conservation technicians Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under the direction of foresters or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes Conservation Scientists (19-1031) and Foresters (19-1032). Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately. All counselors not listed separately. Community and social service specialists, all other All community and social service specialists not listed separately. Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. 2014 employment: 244,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,250 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 13,800 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 21-2011.00 - Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Plan, direct, or coordinate programs designed to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling and guidance relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems. Religious workers, all other All religious workers not listed separately. Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes Lawyers (23-1011) and Paralegals and Legal Assistants (23-2011). Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. 2014 employment: 71,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2093.00 - Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers Legal support workers, all other All legal support workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 52,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 53,920 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2099.00 - Legal Support Workers, All Other Graduate teaching assistants Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses, developing teaching materials, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate teaching assistants must be enrolled in a graduate school program. Graduate assistants who primarily perform non-teaching duties, such as research, should be reported in the occupational category related to the work performed. Excludes Teacher Assistants (25-9041). Home economics teachers, postsecondary Teach courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Postsecondary teachers, all other All postsecondary teachers not listed separately. Special education teachers, all other All special education teachers not listed separately. Self-enrichment education teachers Teach or instruct courses other than those that normally lead to an occupational objective or degree. Courses may include self-improvement, nonvocational, and nonacademic subjects. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution. Excludes Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers (53-2010). 2014 employment: 348,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,680 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 53,500 Growth rate: 15 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 25-3021.00 - Self-Enrichment Education Teachers Teachers and instructors, all other All teachers and instructors not listed separately. Audio-visual and multimedia collections specialists Prepare, plan, and operate multimedia teaching aids for use in education. May record, catalogue, and file materials. Farm and home management advisors Advise, instruct, and assist individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home economics activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to solve problems and instruct and train in product development, sales, and the use of machinery and equipment to promote general welfare. Includes county agricultural agents, feed and farm management advisers, home economists, and extension service advisors. Education, training, and library workers, all other All education, training, and library workers not listed separately. Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions. 2014 employment: 120,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,870 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-1026.00 - Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers Design special exhibits and movie, television, and theater sets. May study scripts, confer with directors, and conduct research to determine appropriate architectural styles. All designers not listed separately. Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately. Media and communication workers, all other All media and communication workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 33,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-3099.00 - Media and Communication Workers, All Other Receive and transmit communications using radiotelephone equipment in accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Excludes Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairs (49-2021). 2014 employment: 1,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,040 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-4013.00 - Radio Operators Media and communication equipment workers, all other All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately. All therapists not listed separately. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other All health diagnosing and treating practitioners not listed separately. Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals. Respiratory therapy technicians Provide respiratory care under the direction of respiratory therapists and physicians. Ophthalmic medical technicians Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses. 2014 employment: 37,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,350 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 9,100 Growth rate: 25 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2057.00 - Ophthalmic Medical Technicians Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes Audiologists (29-1181). 2014 employment: 5,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 49,600 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 27 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2092.00 - Hearing Aid Specialists Health technologists and technicians, all other All health technologists and technicians not listed separately. Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately. Medical equipment preparers Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment. 2014 employment: 52,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,330 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9093.00 - Medical Equipment Preparers Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling. 2014 employment: 41,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 100 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9095.00 - Pharmacy Aides Healthcare support workers, all other All healthcare support workers not listed separately First-line supervisors of correctional officers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers. 2014 employment: 47,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,720 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers First-line supervisors of police and detectives Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force. 2014 employment: 108,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 82,090 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in fire fighting and fire prevention and control. First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other All protective service supervisors not listed separately above. Parking enforcement workers Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles. 2014 employment: 9,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -21 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-3041.00 - Parking Enforcement Workers Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals. 2014 employment: 15,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9011.00 - Animal Control Workers Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites. 2014 employment: 69,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,100 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9091.00 - Crossing Guards Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes to provide assistance and protection to participants. Transportation security screeners Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints. 2014 employment: 46,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -4,200 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9093.00 - Transportation Security Screeners Protective service workers, all other All protective service workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food. Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils. 2014 employment: 507,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,340 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -19,500 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 35-9021.00 - Dishwashers First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments. First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs. Maids and housekeeping cleaners Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming. 2014 employment: 1,457,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,740 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 111,700 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2012.00 - Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners Building cleaning workers, all other All building cleaning workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 16,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,250 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2019.00 - Building Cleaning Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of personal service workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers, such as flight attendants, hairdressers, or caddies. Motion picture projectionists Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment. 2014 employment: 6,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,490 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3021.00 - Motion Picture Projectionists Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and locating such facilities as rest rooms and telephones. 2014 employment: 113,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,180 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 6,100 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3031.00 - Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers Amusement and recreation attendants Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides. 2014 employment: 288,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,280 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 22,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3091.00 - Amusement and Recreation Attendants Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances. 2014 employment: 6,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,500 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3092.00 - Costume Attendants Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms. 2014 employment: 18,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,020 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3093.00 - Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 16,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,720 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 17 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3099.00 - Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements. 2014 employment: 3,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,410 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: -6 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4011.00 - Embalmers Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service arranging floral offerings or lights around casket directing or escorting mourners closing casket and issuing and storing funeral equipment. 2014 employment: 36,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,770 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4021.00 - Funeral Attendants Makeup artists, theatrical and performance Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role. Shampoo and rinse customers hair. 2014 employment: 23,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,290 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-5093.00 - Shampooers Baggage porters and bellhops Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments. 2014 employment: 43,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6011.00 - Baggage Porters and Bellhops Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages, arrange or give advice on transportation, business services or entertainment, or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance. 2014 employment: 31,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,030 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6012.00 - Concierges Escort individuals or groups on sightseeing tours or through places of interest, such as industrial establishments, public buildings, and art galleries. 2014 employment: 43,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,100 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,200 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7011.00 - Tour Guides and Escorts Plan, organize, and conduct long distance travel. tours, and expeditions for individuals and groups. 2014 employment: 3,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 34,180 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7012.00 - Travel Guides Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources. 2014 employment: 103,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 14,100 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9041.00 - Residential Advisors Personal care and service workers, all other All personal care and service workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 93,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9099.00 - Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. 2014 employment: 1,537,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 67,600 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 41-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties, such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. Gaming change persons and booth cashiers Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons money. May issue payoffs and obtain customers signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes Cashiers (41-2011). Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop (35-3022), Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks (43-4081), Order Clerks (43-4151), and Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks (43-4181). 2014 employment: 442,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,440 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 16,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-2021.00 - Counter and Rental Clerks Sales representatives, services, all other All services sales representatives not listed separately. Demonstrators and product promoters Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise. 2014 employment: 93,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,940 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9011.00 - Demonstrators and Product Promoters Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone. 2014 employment: 237,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,200 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9041.00 - Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street. Sales and related workers, all other All sales and related workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers. Switchboard operators, including answering service Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages. Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls. 2014 employment: 13,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,880 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -42 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2021.00 - Telephone Operators Communications equipment operators, all other All communications equipment operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 3,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,330 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2099.00 - Communications Equipment Operators, All Other All financial clerks not listed separately. 2014 employment: 38,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,080 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,400 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-3099.00 - Financial Clerks, All Other Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals, and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs. Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers (53-3033). 2014 employment: 92,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,280 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5021.00 - Couriers and Messengers Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress. 2014 employment: 199,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,150 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5032.00 - Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam. 2014 employment: 37,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,510 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -6,700 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5041.00 - Meter Readers, Utilities Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions. Monitor and respond to operating and error messages. May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices. Excludes Computer Occupations (15-1100) and Data Entry Keyers (43-9021). 2014 employment: 61,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -11,600 Growth rate: -19 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9011.00 - Computer Operators Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes Word Processors and Typists (43-9022). 2014 employment: 216,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,460 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,900 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9021.00 - Data Entry Keyers Word processors and typists Use word processor, computer or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes Data Entry Keyers (43-9021), Secretaries and Administrative Assistants (43-6011 through 43-6014), Court Reporters (23-2091), and Medical Transcriptionists (31-9094). 2014 employment: 90,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,610 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -14,200 Growth rate: -16 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9022.00 - Word Processors and Typists Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Use hand or mail handling machines to time stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms. Office machine operators, except computer Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes Computer Operators (43-9011), Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service (43-9051) and Billing and Posting Clerks (43-3021). Proofreaders and copy markers Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of Braille. Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks. Office and administrative support workers, all other All office and administrative support workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 264,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 18,400 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9199.00 - Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers (37-1012). Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety. 2014 employment: 14,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,380 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 45-2011.00 - Agricultural Inspectors Graders and sorters, agricultural products Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes Agricultural Inspectors (45-2011). First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers. Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered. 2014 employment: 6,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2142.00 - Paperhangers Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers (51-4121). 2014 employment: 45,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,780 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,200 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2151.00 - Pipelayers Plasterers and stucco masons Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster. 2014 employment: 27,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2161.00 - Plasterers and Stucco Masons Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools. 2014 employment: 24,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,000 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4031.00 - Fence Erectors Highway maintenance workers Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement, repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road or plow snow from roadway. Excludes Tree Trimmers and Pruners (37-3013). 2014 employment: 151,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4051.00 - Highway Maintenance Workers Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators. 2014 employment: 15,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 52,830 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4061.00 - Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping. 2014 employment: 24,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,000 Growth rate: 16 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4071.00 - Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners Construction and related workers, all other All construction and related workers not listed separately. Derrick operators, oil and gas Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud through drill hole. 2014 employment: 21,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,910 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5011.00 - Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas Rotary drill operators, oil and gas Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021). 2014 employment: 27,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 54,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5012.00 - Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. May also perform similar services in mining exploration operations. Includes fishing-tool technicians. 2014 employment: 64,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,000 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,700 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5013.00 - Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining Earth drillers, except oil and gas Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap sub-surface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators. 2014 employment: 20,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,240 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,700 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5021.00 - Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Includes seismograph shooters. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021) who may also work with explosives. 2014 employment: 8,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,210 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5031.00 - Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters Continuous mining machine operators Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous operation. 2014 employment: 12,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,620 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -5 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5041.00 - Continuous Mining Machine Operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Operate machinery such as longwall shears, plows, and cutting machines to cut or channel along the face or seams of coal mines, stone quarries, or other mining surfaces to facilitate blasting, separating, or removing minerals or materials from mines or from the Earths surface. Includes shale planers. Mining machine operators, all other All mining machine operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 2,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5049.00 - Mining Machine Operators, All Other Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammer and wedges. 2014 employment: 3,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5051.00 - Rock Splitters, Quarry Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. 2014 employment: 6,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 54,950 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -11 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5061.00 - Roof Bolters, Mining Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed. 2014 employment: 76,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,510 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 6,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5071.00 - Roustabouts, Oil and Gas Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). 2014 employment: 25,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,760 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5081.00 - Helpers--Extraction Workers Extraction workers, all other All extraction workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 5,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 700 Growth rate: 12 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5099.00 - Extraction Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. Excludes team or work leaders. Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines. Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairs Repair, install or maintain mobile or stationary radio transmitting, broadcasting, and receiving equipment, and two-way radio communications systems used in cellular telecommunications, mobile broadband, ship-to-shore, aircraft-to-ground communications, and radio equipment in service and emergency vehicles. May test and analyze network coverage. Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers Repair, adjust, or install audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment equipment. Security and fire alarm systems installers Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes Electricians (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring. 2014 employment: 64,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers Repair and service bicycles. 2014 employment: 10,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,300 Growth rate: 22 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3091.00 - Bicycle Repairers Recreational vehicle service technicians Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassistowing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics (49-3023) and Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles. 2014 employment: 11,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,670 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3092.00 - Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians Tire repairers and changers Repair and replace tires. 2014 employment: 105,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3093.00 - Tire Repairers and Changers Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics. 2014 employment: 17,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9011.00 - Mechanical Door Repairers Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors. Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens. 2014 employment: 46,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,200 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9031.00 - Home Appliance Repairers Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits and ovens, using refractory materials. 2014 employment: 1,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,060 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9045.00 - Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons Camera and photographic equipment repairers Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment. Musical instrument repairers and tuners Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments. 2014 employment: 8,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,660 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Apprenticeship ONET: 49-9063.00 - Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers. 2014 employment: 2,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 34,750 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -700 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9064.00 - Watch Repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately. Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines. Work below surface of water, using scuba gear to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes Fishers and Related Fishing Workers (45-3011), Athletes and Sports Competitors (27-2021), and Police and Sheriffs Patrol Officers (33-3051). 2014 employment: 4,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 37 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9092.00 - Commercial Divers Fabric menders, except garment Repair tears, holes, and other defects in fabrics, such as draperies, linens, parachutes, and tents. 2014 employment: 800 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,490 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -13 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9093.00 - Fabric Menders, Except Garment Locksmiths and safe repairers Repair and open locks make keys change locks and safe combinations and install and repair safes. 2014 employment: 20,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,100 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9094.00 - Locksmiths and Safe Repairers Manufactured building and mobile home installers Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings. Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry. 2014 employment: 20,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9096.00 - Riggers Signal and track switch repairers Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system. 2014 employment: 9,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 63,840 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9097.00 - Signal and Track Switch Repairers Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers cleaning work area, machines, and tools and holding materials or tools for other workers. 2014 employment: 129,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,400 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 12,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9098.00 - Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other All, installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of production and operating workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers Use hand or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood. 2014 employment: 152,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,870 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3022.00 - Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers Slaughterers and meat packers Work in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments performing precision functions involving the preparation of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Excludes Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting. 2014 employment: 86,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,650 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -500 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3023.00 - Slaughterers and Meat Packers Layout workers, metal and plastic Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters. 2014 employment: 13,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,700 Growth rate: -20 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4192.00 - Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects. 2014 employment: 11,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4194.00 - Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners Metal workers and plastic workers, all other All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately. Prepress technicians and workers Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates. Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses. 2014 employment: 173,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,240 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -21,600 Growth rate: -12 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators Print binding and finishing workers Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines. 2014 employment: 51,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,260 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,000 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5113.00 - Print Binding and Finishing Workers Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles. 2014 employment: 208,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,700 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6011.00 - Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Press or shape articles by hand or machine. Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products. 2014 employment: 153,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -41,700 Growth rate: -27 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6031.00 - Sewing Machine Operators Shoe and leather workers and repairers Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. 2014 employment: 9,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,500 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6041.00 - Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers Shoe machine operators and tenders Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts. 2014 employment: 3,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,190 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,100 Growth rate: -31 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6042.00 - Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers. Excludes Fabric Menders, Except Garment (49-9093). 2014 employment: 12,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,640 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -10 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6051.00 - Sewers, Hand Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments. 2014 employment: 40,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,830 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,400 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6052.00 - Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers. Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles. Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes Sewing Machine Operators (51-6031). Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass. Fabric and apparel patternmakers Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel. 2014 employment: 5,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,900 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,400 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6092.00 - Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles. 2014 employment: 42,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,020 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,800 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6093.00 - Upholsterers Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately. Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers. 2014 employment: 2,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7031.00 - Model Makers, Wood Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings. 2014 employment: 1,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,410 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7032.00 - Patternmakers, Wood All woodworkers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 12,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7099.00 - Woodworkers, All Other Chemical plant and system operators Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines. 2014 employment: 38,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,500 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8091.00 - Chemical Plant and System Operators Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines. 2014 employment: 16,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 66,010 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8092.00 - Gas Plant Operators Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines. Plant and system operators, all other All plant and system operators not listed separately. Chemical equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes Chemical Plant and System Operators (51-8091). 2014 employment: 66,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9011.00 - Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment filter presses shaker screens centrifuges condenser tubes precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks scrubbing towers or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders (51-9011). Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber. Grinding and polishing workers, hand Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers. 2014 employment: 29,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,610 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,600 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9022.00 - Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes Food Batchmakers (51-3092). Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber. 2014 employment: 15,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,800 Growth rate: -17 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9031.00 - Cutters and Trimmers, Hand Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-7040), Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic (51-4031), and Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-6062). Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products, such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-9196) and Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities, such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products. 2014 employment: 378,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,080 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,800 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9111.00 - Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders Perform any or all of the following functions in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors: load semiconductor material into furnace saw formed ingots into segments load individual segment into crystal growing chamber and monitor controls locate crystal axis in ingot using x-ray equipment and saw ingots into wafers and clean, polish, and load wafers into series of special purpose furnaces, chemical baths, and equipment used to form circuitry and change conductive properties. 2014 employment: 25,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,390 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,100 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Associates degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9141.00 - Semiconductor Processors Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints. Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood gluing paper or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities. Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment, such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals. 2014 employment: 8,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9193.00 - Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in Prepress Technicians and Workers (51-5111). 2014 employment: 9,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,810 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -300 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9194.00 - Etchers and Engravers Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials. Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products. Operate machines to build tires. 2014 employment: 18,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,120 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,500 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9197.00 - Tire Builders Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000). 2014 employment: 419,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,960 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -16,100 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9198.00 - Helpers--Production Workers Production workers, all other All production workers not listed separately. Aircraft cargo handling supervisors Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters. 2014 employment: 5,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 53-1011.00 - Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors First-line supervisors of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers. First-line supervisors of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Directly supervise and coordinate activities of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers. Airfield operations specialists Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air-traffic control and maintenance personnel dispatching using airfield landing and navigational aids implementing airfield safety procedures monitoring and maintaining flight records and applying knowledge of weather information. 2014 employment: 7,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 51,880 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-2022.00 - Airfield Operations Specialists Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients. Motor vehicle operators, all other All motor vehicle operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 62,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,230 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,300 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-3099.00 - Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other Subway and streetcar operators Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares. 2014 employment: 12,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 62,360 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 600 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4041.00 - Subway and Streetcar Operators Rail transportation workers, all other All rail transportation workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 3,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,840 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4099.00 - Rail Transportation Workers, All Other Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators. 2014 employment: 3,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,520 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6011.00 - Bridge and Lock Tenders Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May collect fee. 2014 employment: 135,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6021.00 - Parking Lot Attendants Automotive and watercraft service attendants Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, install antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires. 2014 employment: 105,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,560 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 11,700 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6031.00 - Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer. 2014 employment: 6,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6041.00 - Traffic Technicians Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors rail inspectors and other inspectors of transportation vehicles, not elsewhere classified. Excludes Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093). Transportation attendants, except flight attendants Provide services to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as greeting passengers, explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes Baggage Porters and Bellhops (39-6011). 2014 employment: 16,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6061.00 - Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants Transportation workers, all other All transportation workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 40,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,890 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6099.00 - Transportation Workers, All Other Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators Operate steam, gas, electric motor, or internal combustion engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas. 2014 employment: 5,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 58,350 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7071.00 - Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes. 2014 employment: 13,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 42,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,100 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7072.00 - Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field. 2014 employment: 13,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 46,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7073.00 - Wellhead Pumpers Mine shuttle car operators Operate diesel or electric-powered shuttle car in underground mine to transport materials from working face to mine cars or conveyor. 2014 employment: 2,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 55,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -2 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7111.00 - Mine Shuttle Car Operators Tank car, truck, and ship loaders Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks. 2014 employment: 13,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,660 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7121.00 - Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders Material moving workers, all other All material moving workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 23,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,360 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7199.00 - Material Moving Workers, All Other Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail, on the Internet at bls. govoohaboutdata-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail. htm (visited February 25, 2017 ). Publish Date: Thursday, December 17, 2015 Recommend this page using: Facebook Twitter